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Dual Cycle 》》》》》

"Dual cycle, or limited pressure cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle that combines the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle. In the dual cycle, combustion occurs partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure."

It can be used to describe internal combustion engines. The pressure-volume diagrams of actual internal combustion engines are not described well by the Otto and Diesel cycles. An air standard cycle that can be made to approximate the pressure variations more closely is the air-standard dual cycle. A more capable approach would be to model the combustion process in both Otto and Diesel engines as a combination of two heat-transfer processes, one isochoric process, and one isobaric process.

Compared to an Otto cycle, which assumes an instantaneous heat addition (isochoric heat addition), heat is added partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure in a dual cycle. Therefore the advantage is that more time is available for the fuel to combust completely. On the other hand, the use of a dual cycle is slightly more complex. The thermal efficiency lies between Otto and Diesel cycle.

The dual cycle combines the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle.. There is an Otto engine in this picture, which is ignited by a spark plug instead of compression itself

Dual Cycle – Processes:

In a dual cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a series of five processes: two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes alternated with two isochoric processes and one isobaric process

Isentropic compression (compression stroke) – The gas is compressed adiabatically from state 1 to state 2, as the piston moves from intake valve closing point (1) to top dead center. The surroundings do work on the gas, increasing its internal energy (temperature) and compressing it. On the other hand, the entropy remains unchanged. The changes in volumes and their ratio (V1 / V2) are known as the compression ratio. The compression ratio is smaller than the expansion ratio.
Isochoric compression (ignition phase) – In this phase (between state 2 and state 3), there is a constant volume (the piston is at rest ) heat transfer to the air from an external source while the piston is at rest at the top dead center. This process is similar to the isochoric process in the Otto cycle. It is intended to represent the ignition of the fuel-air mixture injected into the chamber and the subsequent rapid burning. The pressure rises, and the ratio (P3 / P2) is known as the “explosion ratio”.
Isobaric expansion (power stroke) – In this phase (between state 3 and state 4), there is a constant pressure (idealized model) heat transfer to the air from an external source (combustion of the fuel) while the piston is moving toward the V4. During the constant pressure process, energy enters the system as heat Qadd, and a part of the work is done by moving pistons.
Isentropic expansion (power stroke) – The gas expands adiabatically from state 4 to state 5 as the piston moves from V3 to the bottom dead center. The gas works on the surroundings (piston) and loses an amount of internal energy equal to the work that leaves the system. Again the entropy remains unchanged.
Isochoric decompression (exhaust stroke) – In this phase, the cycle completes by a constant-volume process in which heat is rejected from the air while the piston is at the bottom dead center. The working gas pressure drops instantaneously from point 5 to point 1. The exhaust valve opens at point 5. The exhaust stroke is directly after this decompression. As the piston moves from the bottom dead center (point 1) to the top dead center (point 0) with the exhaust valve opened, the gaseous mixture is vented to the atmosphere, and the process starts anew.

During the Dual cycle, the piston works on the gas between states 1 and 2 (isentropic compression). The gas works on the piston between stages 2 and 3 (isobaric heat addition) and stages 2 and 3 (isentropic expansion). The difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas is the network produced by the cycle, and it corresponds to the area enclosed by the cycle curve. The work produced by the cycle times the rate of the cycle (cycles per second) is equal to the power produced by the Diesel engine

Thermal Efficiency for Dual Cycle:

In general, the thermal efficiency, ηth, of any heat engine is defined as the ratio of the work it does, W, to the heat input at the high temperature, QH.

The thermal efficiency, ηth, represents the fraction of heat, QH, converted to work. Since energy is conserved according to the first law of thermodynamics and energy cannot be converted to work completely, the heat input, QH, must equal the work done, W, plus the heat that must be dissipated as waste heat QC into the environment. Therefore we can rewrite the formula for thermal efficiency as: